![]() Patients are classified as having mild TBI if GCS 13-15, moderate if GCS 9-12, and severe if GCS < 9. TBI encompasses a spectrum of disease, subdivided into mild, moderate and severe according to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). TBI is any injury that disrupts normal brain function and can manifest as any combination of cognitive, behavioural, motor, and sensory symptoms. The majority of TBI patients are young males (average age range 28.8-38.8 years), with the majority of TBI originating from road traffic incidents, interpersonal violence, and falls. Surgery was indicated for 15% of patients who had a CT scan and medical treatment was changed in an additional 18%. Out of 110 computed tomography (CT) scans performed, traumatic injuries were present on 74%. A retrospective study in Burkina Faso evaluated data from 183 TBI patients. A retrospective review of over ten-thousand injured patients presenting to tertiary hospitals in Western Cape, South Africa identified TBI in 24% of injured patients 27% of these TBIs were moderate to severe and required admission. A retrospective analysis at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania reported 56% of TBIs were due to road traffic incidents with 17.8% of TBI patients classified as severe and a 30.7% mortality rate. One study at a large tertiary hospital in Malawi found 18% of admitted trauma patients had a TBI with a 30% mortality rate for all TBI. A few retrospective observational studies provide site specific estimates. The true epidemiology and burden of African TBI is likely underestimated. The estimated economic impact will be 1.1 trillion US Dollars in gross domestic product losses in LMICs between 20. TBI is the leading cause of disability in injured persons younger than 40, leading to significant social and economic impact due to high costs for treatment, rehabilitation, long-term care, and lost societal contributions. Dewan et al estimate 708,000 patients with TBI in the African region require a neurosurgical intervention annually. Additionally, patients with severe TBI are twice as likely to die in LMICs compared to HICs. Persons injured in road traffic incidents in the African region are more than twice as likely to suffer from a TBI (55%) compared to those seen in the high-income countries (HIC) of North America (25%). Īpproximately 90% of global deaths from trauma occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), and TBI is a contributing factor in one-third to half of these deaths. The African burden of TBI is estimated to be approximately 8 million cases per year (801 per 100,000 persons) when derived from estimates of road traffic incidents. Deriving the incidence of TBI from road traffic incidents results in the much higher global estimate of 55.9 million cases annually. The true scope of the problem is not known 2016 Global Burden of Disease data estimate just over 27 million cases of TBI annually, or a rate of 369 per 100,000 persons. In injured persons, TBI results in the most death and disability globally. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a growing international public health problem. ![]()
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